Vehicle Emissions & TCO Analysis
NZ lifecycle CO₂ · Total cost of ownership · Fleet analysis
Summary
Emissions by lifecycle stage
Detailed Breakdown
Total Cost of Ownership
Inputs Used
Methodology
- 01Use-phase emissionsAnnual km ÷ 100 × consumption × emission factor. Petrol 2.46 · Diesel 2.71 kgCO₂e/L. NZ grid 0.074 kgCO₂e/kWh (MfE 2025). PHEV assumed 50/50 electric/petrol split.
- 02Manufacturing emissionsVehicle base: BEV 6.5 t · PHEV 7.9 t · ICE 7.2 tCO₂e. Battery: LFP 69 · NMC622 80 · NMC811 79 kgCO₂e/kWh (ICCT 2025).
- 03Maintenance & end-of-lifeMaintenance 103.8 kgCO₂e/year. End-of-life 5% of embodied emissions. Both scale linearly with ownership horizon.
- 04Total cost of ownershipPurchase price + fuel/energy cost + road user charges (NZTA 2025: BEV $76 · PHEV $38 · Diesel $76 per 1,000 km) over the ownership period.
Data Sources
MfE Measuring Emissions Guide 2025
EECA Vehicle & Energy Data 2025
NZTA Road User Charges 2025
ICCT Life-cycle GHG Emissions 2025
GHG Protocol Corporate Standard v1.1
ISO 14040/44 LCA ISO